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Physical goods such as energy (oil, gas, renewables), metals, and agricultural products traded in global markets.

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Climate scenario analysis: Cement's financial performance under 2°c and 2.7°c

The report examines the financial implications of climate transition scenarios on the cement sector's future. It provides useful insights to company analysis and financial risk analysis for the cement sector, providing readers with a comprehensive understanding of the impact of climate transition scenarios.
Research
26 July 2018

Asset-level data and the energy transition: Findings from ET risk work package 2

Sustainable Finance Observatory
This report demonstrates the potential of asset-level data to manage risks and opportunities arising from the transition to a net-zero emissions economy. The authors develop a demonstrator database of assets across six carbon-intensive industries, calculating cumulative committed carbon emissions (CCCE) and potential reductions (RCCCE) through retrofits.
Research
10 April 2018

Petrochemicals: Major credits, carbon risks, green bonds

Anthropocene Fixed Income Institute
This report reviews the petrochemical industry from a joint macro, credit specialist and climate mitigation perspective. It highlights that the industry has the highest energy demand and is the third-largest direct CO2 emitter. The first green bonds came out in 2020, although the sector’s environmental alignment remains questionable to investors.
Research
10 May 2021

Measuring what matters most: Seven systems transformations for benchmarking companies on the SDGs

World Benchmarking Alliance
This report provides guidance on developing benchmarks to transform systems towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). It identifies seven critical transformations: social, agriculture and food, decarbonisation and energy, circular, digital, urban, and financial systems. These benchmarks aim to hold companies accountable and drive meaningful change across industries to support sustainable development.
Research
15 July 2019

Renewable energy and human rights benchmark report series

Business and Human Rights Resource Centre
The Renewable Energy and Human Rights Benchmark series assesses how leading renewable energy companies manage and respect human rights across their operations and value chains. The series provides a consistent, comparative framework to track corporate practices and accountability in the global energy transition.
Benchmark/series
18 September 2025

OECD due diligence guidance for responsible supply chain of minerals from conflict-affected and high-risk areas

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
The paper provides recommendations for companies operating in mineral supply chains. The guidance outlines a five-step framework for supply chain due diligence, including risk identification and assessment, implementation of risk mitigation strategies, and reporting on due diligence efforts.
Research
25 March 2016

Deforestation tools assessment and gap analysis: How investors can manage deforestation risk

Hindsight Consultancy
This report explores investor deforestation initiatives. It assesses existing tools and datasets, identifies gaps, and offers recommendations. The report highlights the importance of managing deforestation risk while acknowledging the complexity of supply chains and information gaps.
Research
13 August 2020

ENCORE

Global Canopy
ENCORE (Exploring Natural Capital Opportunities, Risks and Exposure) is a free, online tool that helps organisations explore their exposure to nature-related risk and take the first steps to understand their dependencies and impacts on nature.
Online tool/database

Earth system justice needed to identify and live within Earth system boundaries

This article considers how to integrate principles of justice within Earth’s system boundaries, specifically for climate, the biosphere, water and nutrient cycles, and aerosols. Using the Earth system justice approach, it discusses living within planetary limits whilst minimising significant harm to all people and ensuring equitable access to resources.
Research
19 June 2023

Integrity matters: Net zero commitments by businesses, financial institutions, cities and regions

United Nations (UN)
As the global community faces a climate crisis, the report recommends setting standards and criteria for achieving net zero emissions, addressing concerns about greenwashing, and calling for a just transition for developing countries. The report advocates for a collaborative 'ambition loop' to accelerate global efforts toward a sustainable future.
Research
8 November 2022

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander best practice principles for clean energy projects

First Nations Clean Energy Network
Ten principles placing Australia's First Nations people and communities at the centre of clean energy projects. The Principles ensure that projects provide economic and social benefits, include cultural and environmental considerations, and provide employment opportunities. The Principles are for all stakeholders involved in clean energy projects, including investors and government.
Research
2 December 2022

Aggregate confusion: the divergence of ESG ratings

MIT Sloan School of Management
The research investigates the disagreement in Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) ratings between rating providers. Three factors are identified: measurement divergence, scope divergence and weight divergence. The paper argues for a standardisation of ESG indicators and measurement procedures to reduce the discrepancy in ESG ratings.
Research
15 August 2019

Moving mountains: Unlocking private capital for biodiversity and ecosystems

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
The Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) seeks to expand private sector contribution and collaboration in biodiversity conservation by developing this guide to assist their understanding of biodiversity and role of private capital in sustainability. This guide aims to assist the private sector in developing finance solutions for biodiversity conservation and finance.
Research
14 November 2019

A market review of nature-based solutions: An emerging institutional asset class

Finance Earth
This report presents a global review of nature-based solutions (NbS), identifying and analysing 88 existing NbS investments between 2002 to 2021. The report identifies common trends of existing investments, both opportunities and barriers to NbS investments and suggests recommendations to institutional investors and policymakers.
Research
20 May 2021

FAIRR's meat sourcing engagement series

Ceres
The Global Investor Engagement on Meat Sourcing is an investor engagement series that documents collaborative dialogue between institutional investors and major food companies on managing environmental and supply-chain risks associated with meat and dairy sourcing, with a focus on climate, water and governance considerations.
Benchmark/series
8 August 2022

Responsible sourcing: The business case for protecting land and environmental defenders and indigenous communities' rights to land and resources

Global Witness
This reports presents a business case for companies, particularly those with agricultural, timber and mineral supply chains, to take action on protecting and promoting rights of land and environmental defenders (LEDs). It also provides practical steps businesses can take to protect and promote these defenders’ rights.
Research
28 April 2020
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