Library | ESG issues

Environmental

The environmental pillar in ESG (environmental, social, and governance) assesses an organisation’s impact on the planet. It includes issues such as climate change, biodiversity, waste management and water management. Strong environmental practices help businesses reduce risks, comply with regulations, and drive long-term sustainability.

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Sectoral roadmaps as the backbone of transition planning: Linking NDCs, finance and the real economy

United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI)
Sectoral roadmaps translate national climate targets into sector-specific decarbonisation pathways, guiding policy, investment and corporate transition plans. They align real-economy activity with finance, reduce uncertainty, and support risk assessment and capital allocation, strengthening the credibility and implementation of whole-economy transition planning.
Research
16 April 2026

IFC's performance standards on environmental and social sustainability

International Finance Corporation
The IFC Performance Standards (2012) form part of the Sustainability Framework, setting requirements for clients to identify, manage, and mitigate environmental and social risks in financed projects. They comprise eight standards covering areas such as labour, resource efficiency, biodiversity, and community impacts, and are widely used as a global benchmark for responsible investment.
Research
1 January 2012

Recharge for rights: Ranking the human rights due diligence reporting of leading electric vehicle makers

Amnesty International
Amnesty International assesses 13 leading EV makers’ public reporting on human rights due diligence in battery mineral supply chains. It finds uneven progress since 2017, but no company demonstrates adequate alignment with international standards; Mercedes-Benz and Tesla lead, while BYD ranks last.
Research
24 October 2024

Tipping points: Decision making under deep uncertainty

J.P. Morgan Chase and Co.
Examines climate tipping points and their implications for financial decision-making under deep uncertainty. It outlines risks of abrupt, nonlinear climate shifts, limitations of traditional valuation models, and emerging approaches including scenario analysis, resilience planning and climate intervention, emphasising challenges in pricing, timing and managing long-term systemic risks.
Research
13 April 2026

Implications of the International Court of Justice’s Advisory Opinion on Climate Change for directors’ duties in relation to climate-related risks

Examines how the ICJ’s climate advisory opinion may elevate climate-related risks and regulatory pressures, increasing directors’ duty of care. Highlights litigation, disclosure, and transition risks, particularly for emissions-intensive sectors, and emphasises informed decision-making and accurate reporting to mitigate liability.
Research
20 April 2026

Forever wild series

Forever Wild
This series outlines the Forever Wild Initiative’s approach to financing and managing large-scale wilderness landscapes through blended capital models, community co-design, and nature-based enterprises. It documents the development of equitable nature finance structures that integrate conservation, economic activity, and social outcomes across landscapes.
Benchmark/series
27 August 2025

Oxford climate policy monitor: 2025 annual review

University of Oxford
Assesses climate policies across 37 jurisdictions and six domains, finding overall strengthening despite political pressures, but slow implementation. Highlights rising policy leadership in developing regions and persistent gaps in ambition and execution relative to Paris Agreement targets.
Research
25 November 2025

2025 Southeast Asia fossil fuel divestment scorecard

RimbaWatch
Assesses 35 banks’ fossil fuel financing and climate policies in Southeast Asia, finding continued coal and gas funding despite commitments. International banks dominate financing, with policy gaps and loopholes persisting. The scorecard highlights misalignment with 1.5°C goals and calls for stricter divestment and increased renewable investment.
Research
24 May 2025

Nature markets: Overarching principles and framework: Specification version 2

The British Standards Institution (BSI)
Sets out overarching principles and framework for high-integrity UK nature markets, covering credit generation, trading and storage. Emphasises transparency, additionality, governance, verification and registries to ensure credible environmental outcomes, prevent greenwashing, and support investment in nature recovery.
Research
11 March 2025

Framing and language for effective climate conversations

Altiorem
Guide outlines how framing and language influence climate engagement, especially among ‘middle ground’ audiences. It emphasises aligning messages with shared values, avoiding polarising or technical language, and using practical, relatable framing to build support for emissions reduction and climate action.
Research
11 June 2024

Australian taxonomy-aligned debt guidance: Issuing use-of-proceeds debt under the Australian sustainable finance taxonomy

Australian Sustainable Finance Institute (ASFI)
Guidance explains applying the Australian sustainable finance taxonomy to use-of-proceeds debt, outlining classification, allocation, and disclosure requirements. It details technical screening criteria, Do No Significant Harm and social safeguards, and supports consistent, transparent identification of climate-aligned investments for issuers and investors.
Research
23 March 2026

Energy technology perspectives series

International Energy Agency (IEA)
The Energy Technology Perspectives is a series by the IEA that provides analysis of global energy systems, focusing on the development, deployment and innovation of clean energy technologies and their role in achieving sustainable, secure and low-emissions energy transitions across sectors and regions.
Benchmark/series
2 April 2026

2026 Energy Crisis Policy Response Tracker

International Energy Agency (IEA)
The IEA’s 2026 Energy Crisis Policy Response Tracker is an interactive database monitoring government measures taken in response to global energy market disruptions. It provides regularly updated data on policies to conserve energy and support consumers, enabling analysis of country-level responses to supply shocks and price volatility.
Online tool/database

Nourish and flourish: Water solutions to feed 10 billion people on a livable planet

The World Bank
This World Bank report outlines transforming agricultural water management to feed 10 billion people sustainably. It introduces a water-food nexus framework, highlights inefficiencies in current systems, and emphasises data-driven, service-oriented irrigation and financing reforms to improve productivity, resilience, and environmental outcomes.
Research
8 April 2026

Toxic finance: The banks and investors funding the expansion of petrochemicals in the US

Friends of the Earth
This report argues that banks and investors are enabling US petrochemical expansion despite rising market, legal, climate and public health risks, identifying major financiers and investors while warning that continued support may expose them to financial, reputational and regulatory harm.
Research
3 March 2026

Transitions Mineral Tracker

Business and Human Rights Resource Centre
The Transition Minerals Tracker is an online database by the Business & Human Rights Resource Centre that tracks human rights risks linked to mining key minerals for the energy transition. It compiles company data, policies and allegations, enabling users to assess exposure to social and governance risks across global mining operations.
Online tool/database
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