Library | ESG issues

Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, including carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the atmosphere and drive climate change. Reducing emissions is vital to mitigating global warming risks and aligning with climate targets like the Paris Agreement, influencing long-term corporate and investment strategies.

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Climate arc

Finance / Corporate Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Climate Arc is a non-profit organisation focused on accelerating capital flows to climate solutions. It develops data tools, research, and insights to assess transition performance across companies, sectors, and markets. Climate Arc supports investors, policymakers, and practitioners seeking credible, decision-useful climate intelligence, with a global perspective and independent analytical approach.
Organisation
1 research item

Climate transition and global financial stability

Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ)
This literature review assesses evidence on how delayed, failed or uneven climate transitions affect UK and global financial stability. It finds intensifying physical and transition risks, potential mispricing and spillovers, and significant uncertainty, highlighting EMDE transitions as central to managing systemic financial risk.
Research
12 January 2026

En-ROADS Climate Solutions Simulator

Climate Interactive
En-ROADS is an interactive global climate and energy policy simulation tool developed by Climate Interactive. It enables users to test policy scenarios and assess impacts on emissions, energy systems and temperature pathways to 2100, supporting climate risk analysis, strategy development and decision-making.
Online tool/database

Global Energy Monitor

Global Energy Monitor
Global Energy Monitor is an open-access research database that compiles and analyses global energy infrastructure data, including fossil fuel and renewable projects, via interactive tools, maps and downloadable datasets to support informed analysis of energy trends and ownership structures.
Online tool/database

GHG Protocol Life Cycle Databases

Greenhouse Gas Protocol
The GHG Protocol Life Cycle Databases page lists third-party life cycle inventory and emissions datasets to support product life cycle and corporate value chain (Scope 3) greenhouse gas accounting. It links to multiple global and sector-specific LCI sources, with summaries of content, formats and accessibility.
Online tool/database

openLCA Nexus

GreenDelta
openLCA Nexus is an online repository providing access to life cycle assessment databases for environmental and sustainability analysis. It hosts free and licensed datasets from multiple providers, covering energy, materials, agriculture, transport and waste, designed for use within the openLCA software environment.
Online tool/database

Climate Interactive

Issue Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Climate Interactive creates and shares scientifically grounded climate simulators and interactive tools that help users explore climate solutions, energy policy impacts and systems thinking. It supports workshops, role-playing games and training to inform effective, equitable climate action worldwide, with tools like En-ROADS and C-ROADS widely used by educators and policymakers.
Organisation
1 research item

Orbae

AdAstra Sustainability
Orbae is an open-data platform by AdAstra Sustainability that quantifies greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural land-use change. It provides high-resolution, spatially explicit data to assess land conversion impacts across crops, regions and supply chains, supporting climate risk analysis, reporting and sustainable finance decision-making.
Online tool/database

OS-Climate: Transition Analysis

OS-Climate (Open Source Climate)
OS-Climate Transition Analysis is an open-source scenario-modelling tool that simulates economic, energy and climate system interactions. It supports assessment of transition risks, technology pathways and investment trade-offs under alternative decarbonisation scenarios for financial and strategic analysis.
Online tool/database

IPCC Shared Economic Pathways (SPPs)

Our World in Data
An interactive data explorer for the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) used in IPCC climate modelling, allowing comparison of socioeconomic and emissions trajectories under different future scenarios. It presents scenario data on population, economy, energy and related variables to analyse possible climate outcomes.
Online tool/database

IEA Global Energy and Climate Model

International Energy Agency (IEA)
The Global Energy and Climate Model is an integrated analytical tool developed by the International Energy Agency to assess long-term global energy systems. It supports scenario analysis of energy demand, supply, investment and emissions under different policy and technology pathways.
Online tool/database

Global Carbon Atlas

Global Carbon Project
GlobalCarbonAtlas.org is an online platform for exploring, visualising and downloading up-to-date global and regional carbon flux and emissions data from human activities and natural processes, supporting analysis of CO₂, methane and nitrous oxide trends across countries and sectors.
Online tool/database

Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS)

Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS)
Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) Near Real-Time Observational Data (Level 1) provides rapidly delivered atmospheric and ecosystem measurements, typically within 24 hours. Data undergo automated quality control only and are released as growing time series. Suitable for monitoring and exploratory analysis, not final scientific assessment.
Online tool/database

The twin transition century

The Guild of European Research-Intensive Universities
This paper argues that Europe’s green transition depends on aligning digital transformation with sustainability goals. It outlines how digital research can both reduce its own environmental footprint and enable climate action, calling for long-term, interdisciplinary research investment and coordinated EU policy.
Research
18 September 2023

New approaches and challenges regarding trade, climate action, and the WTO

Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment
The report analyses how WTO trade rules can support climate action. It assesses tools such as border carbon adjustments, standards, subsidies and technology policy, identifying legal gaps, development impacts and the need for coordinated reforms to align multilateral trade governance with climate objectives.
Research
18 December 2024

Assessing the credibility of a company’s transition plan: framework and guidance

World Benchmarking Alliance
This report presents a harmonised framework to assess the credibility of corporate climate transition plans. It defines core plan elements, assessment principles, and a four-step process to evaluate ambition, feasibility, consistency, governance, and financial alignment with Paris-aligned decarbonisation pathways.
Research
1 September 2024
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