The Ocean Observatories Initiative is a science-driven network providing real-time data from over 900 instruments. Funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation, it tracks ocean health and climate trends essential for ESG analysis and coastal risk assessment.

This report examines Rio Tinto’s failure to secure a social licence to operate for the Jadar lithium mine in Serbia. It highlights how social risks associated with the energy transition can lead to project abandonment, financial losses, and reputational damage, ultimately impacting bondholders as lithium production becomes more material.

This research identifies that U.S. data centres depend on roughly 3.4 trillion gallons of freshwater annually for electricity generation. The report highlights significant water stress and drought risks across seven key states, recommending that companies, power producers, and policymakers integrate indirect water use into their risk assessments and strategies.

This report analyses climate risk disclosure in the $4.4 trillion US municipal bond market. Examining 60 high-risk offerings, it finds 33% omit climate references. Disclosures are often generic and backward-looking, lacking the TCFD-aligned metrics necessary for investors to price risk accurately and reward resilience investments.

This 2026 report by He Pou a Rangi Climate Change Commission assesses New Zealand's progress on its first national adaptation plan. It finds that adaptation efforts are insufficient and recommends six foundational improvements, focusing on funding, legislative alignment, and Māori-led action to address escalating climate risks.

This report examines risks to electricity companies from rapid data centre growth, including community opposition and grid reliability. It evaluates solutions like clean energy, flexible contracting, and demand-side management. The guide provides framework questions for shareholder engagement to ensure utilities manage expansion in a financially disciplined and sustainable manner.

This report synthesises evidence from 300 studies to establish the macroeconomic case for climate adaptation. It projects global GDP per capita losses of 8% by 2050, rising to 12% in lower-income countries. Proactive adaptation offers median benefit-cost ratios of 4:1, bolstering fiscal stability and accelerating sustainable development.

This report examines the systemic threats posed by lethal humidity, where extreme heat and moisture exceed human physiological limits. Focusing on historical cases and Indonesia, it details cascading impacts on health, energy, and agriculture. It calls for urgent emissions reductions and improved global cooling strategies to mitigate escalating climate risks.

The Climate Shift Index: Ocean is an interactive global map by Climate Central that quantifies the influence of climate change on daily sea surface temperatures, assisting in the assessment of marine-related physical risks.

The Adaptation Inventory is a global repository of evidence-based climate resilience policies and programmes developed by the Climate Impact Lab to support scalable adaptation solutions.

A resource from Climate Policy Initiative designed to help financial institutions track progress and assess the quality of adaptation and resilience finance while managing physical climate risks.

This report introduces Systemically Important Natural Systems (SINS), analogous to systemically important banks. It argues that critical ecosystems are macro-critical infrastructure. The authors explore how formal SINS designation could embed nature-related risks into global financial governance, fiscal policy, and corporate decision-making to prevent systemic economic instability.

Developed by British International Investment, this toolkit helps financial institutions in emerging markets embed climate risk management into governance, lending, and portfolio monitoring in alignment with TCFD standards.

A real-time global dashboard from Climate Central providing data visualisations on key climate indicators, attribution science, and extreme weather impacts to help professionals assess environmental risks and infrastructure vulnerability.

The MIT AI Risk Repository is a comprehensive database of over 1,600 AI risks and real-world incidents. It provides frameworks and data to help finance professionals and organisations identify, prioritise, and manage technical, social, and regulatory risks associated with artificial intelligence.

The Adaptation Toolbox, developed by The Adaptation Exchange, provides three free tools to help companies assess climate preparedness, quantify the financial business case for adaptation, and discover technical resilience solutions for physical climate risks.