This research establishes a framework for assessing physical nature-related financial risks through scenario-based analysis. It highlights that nature loss, particularly water-related risks, creates significant macro-criticality for economies, with potentially 7-9% of global GDP at risk. The paper provides building blocks for central banks to prioritise and mitigate these systemic risks.

This research introduces a materiality-weighted carbon footprint to assess financial transition risk more accurately. Unlike total carbon footprints, this rules-based approach focuses on emissions subject to business and policy pressure. Analysis demonstrates that materiality-weighted metrics provide stronger signals for earnings growth, equity outperformance, and credit risk across global markets.

Climate change is an immediate macro-financial force reshaping global markets. Using a quantitative framework, this research demonstrates that a 3°C warming scenario could increase the equity risk premium by 15–25% and temporarily depress real risk-free rates. It highlights structural implications for long-duration asset valuations and global financial stability.

This report evaluates 102 climate adaptation activities using a benefit-cost framework, highlighting a US$1 trillion market for resilience technologies. It provides sector-specific internal rates of return and outlines strategies for integrating adaptation as a quality factor and risk hedge within institutional investment portfolios.

This report synthesises research demonstrating the financial materiality of ESG factors for investment outcomes. It highlights that managing sustainability, governance, environmental, and social issues supports long-term value. Evidence shows that ESG integration, board diversity, and active stewardship enhance corporate performance while mitigating systemic risks to the Australian economy.

This study investigates China's air quality monitoring rollout, showing that increased pollution salience prompts financial analysts to produce more environmental research. This leads to market repricing, with brown firms facing valuation losses and green firms seeing gains, representing 5% of total market capitalisation and enhancing price efficiency.

This report analyses homeowners insurance premiums using mortgage escrow data from 2014 to 2024. It documents rapid premium increases and a doubling of the risk-to-premium gradient, driven by global reinsurance costs. These rising costs have significant impacts on home values, particularly in areas facing high climate risk.

This guide helps bank chief risk officers and risk committees manage nature-related financial risks and opportunities. Developed by the TNFD and UNEP FI, it details how to integrate nature into risk frameworks, evaluate portfolio dependencies, and respond to evolving global regulations and investor expectations.

This report examines the application of the TNFD LEAP approach in the technology sector, focusing on water risks within AI infrastructure. Through case studies of financial institutions and corporates, it identifies dependencies across semiconductor manufacturing and data centres, offering strategies to manage nature-related risks and opportunities.

This study of 832 euro area banks indicates that lenders are increasingly factoring pollution-induced biodiversity risks into their decisions. Banks primarily mitigate these exposures by lowering loan-to-value ratios, particularly for companies operating near protected areas or those linked to water quality failures. This trend reflects growing regulatory and financial awareness.

The Guidance on the Identification and Assessment of Nature-related Issues: The LEAP Approach series, published by the Taskforce on Nature-related Financial Disclosures (TNFD), provides a structured methodology for organisations and financial institutions to identify, evaluate, manage and report nature-related dependencies, impacts, risks and opportunities.

This research explores how AI agents influence expert judgement in underdetermined tasks. A randomised trial found causal-inference practitioners followed AI leans 86% of the time. Despite adopting AI talking points, most experts viewed decisions as their own, highlighting risks of unacknowledged deferral in scientific and policy research.

This report analyses 426 global cities to define the "resilience spread" between economic capacity and climate risk. It finds that climate pressures currently impact 30% of cities negatively and could erode USD 2.5 trillion in global productivity by 2100 without significant adaptation investment.

This report assesses euro area economic and financial risks from ecosystem degradation. Using the Nature Value-at-Risk framework, it identifies water-related risks as most material, with surface-water scarcity potentially exposing 24% of output. The findings highlight significant feedback loops and the urgent need for bank nature-related stress tests.

This European Central Bank report analyses the financial stability risks of biodiversity loss in the euro area. It reveals that 75% of corporate loans are highly nature-dependent. Under adverse scenarios, potential bank losses from ecosystem degradation could nearly triple compared to sustainability-aligned pathways.

This research assesses the ESG compliance of Access Bank, Standard Chartered, UBA, and Zenith Bank using the 2025 Fair Finance Guide Methodology. It reveals a low average performance score of 1.7/10, noting that while banks satisfy domestic regulatory requirements, significant gaps remain in climate action and tax transparency.