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Greenhouse Gas Emissions

Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions, including carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat in the atmosphere and drive climate change. Reducing emissions is vital to mitigating global warming risks and aligning with climate targets like the Paris Agreement, influencing long-term corporate and investment strategies.

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The climate crisis is a child rights crisis: Introducing the Children's Climate Risk Index

United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF)
The report highlights how one billion children are at extreme risk due to climate change with small island states and countries already facing existential threats. It is a call to action for businesses and governments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and commit to sustainable practices.
Research
20 August 2021

Investor climate action plans (ICAPs): Guidance on using the expectations ladder

The Investor Agenda
This report provides guidance to investors on using the ICAPs Expectations Ladder to disclose their climate action plans. It covers investment, corporate engagement, policy advocacy, investor disclosure, and governance with specific recommendations. The report includes a glossary of terms and maps existing disclosures to the Ladder's expectations.
Research
7 July 2022

Sustainable Development Goals Disclosure (SDGD) recommendations

International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC)
The Sustainable Development Goals Disclosure (SDGD) Recommendations features guidelines for corporate reporting to promote best practices and encourage corporate accountability and governance aligned with SDGs. The document includes fundamental concepts and principles of SDG disclosure, recommendations, and steps to guide implementation, offering insights for assurance providers, governments, investors, and reporting organizations of all sizes
Research
25 March 2020

On the importance of assurance in carbon accounting

This paper examines the importance of assurance in corporate carbon accounting, finding that firms with assurance report higher carbon intensity than peers; and that controlling for assurance, there is no evidence that SBTi target-setters reduce their future emissions, while firms that obtain assurance reduce future carbon intensity.
Research
23 February 2024

Sustainable investing capabilities of private banks

PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)
This report presents the findings of research into the sustainable investing capabilities of private banks, including governance, sustainability risk, and client interactions. The report notes progress among leading banks but highlights the need for continuing education for client advisors and improved ESG and impact reporting and monitoring capabilities.
Research
26 May 2022

The Global GHG Accounting and Reporting Standard for the financial industry

Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials
The Global GHG Accounting and Reporting Standard for the Financial Industry by Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials (PCAF) provides a framework for measuring and disclosing greenhouse gas emissions. It helps financial institutions enhance transparency, assess climate risks, and support sustainable investment decisions, promoting accountability and impactful environmental actions.
Benchmark/series

Adaptation, loss and damage: A global climate impact fund for climate justice

Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN)
This report delves into climate justice amid anthropogenic climate change, advocating for a pilot Global Climate Impact Fund (GCIF). The fund aims to distribute the financial responsibility for the climate change transition based on attribution and contribution studies, employing standardised criteria. The report emphasises prioritising long-term resilience and sustainable development pathways.
Research
27 November 2023

Energy Darwinism II

Citi
This report analyses the financial implications of climate change, offering two scenarios: inaction and action. It examines the drivers, risks, and costs of transitioning to a low carbon mix and investigates funding mechanisms for this. The result is a clear vision of the opportunities and challenges in meeting global emission reduction targets.
Research
1 August 2015

RIAA's benchmarking impact investing series

Responsible Investment Association Australasia
This is a series of benchmark reports providing comprehensive insights into the impact investing market in Australia. It covers investor motivations, market size, and performance metrics, aiding stakeholders in understanding and enhancing their impact investment strategies.
Benchmark/series

Earth system justice needed to identify and live within Earth system boundaries

This article considers how to integrate principles of justice within Earth’s system boundaries, specifically for climate, the biosphere, water and nutrient cycles, and aerosols. Using the Earth system justice approach, it discusses living within planetary limits whilst minimising significant harm to all people and ensuring equitable access to resources.
Research
19 June 2023

Integrity matters: Net zero commitments by businesses, financial institutions, cities and regions

United Nations (UN)
As the global community faces a climate crisis, the report recommends setting standards and criteria for achieving net zero emissions, addressing concerns about greenwashing, and calling for a just transition for developing countries. The report advocates for a collaborative 'ambition loop' to accelerate global efforts toward a sustainable future.
Research
8 November 2022

Guide for responsible corporate engagement in climate policy: A Caring for Climate report

United Nations Global Compact
A 2013 report on the business community's engagement with climate change, and the best way for companies to implement policies that ensure greenhouse gas emissions are reduced whilst supporting the global economy. The report sets guidelines for why and how companies can provide constructive influences on public policy.
Research
15 November 2013

Tracking the transition

Asia Research & Engagement (ARE)
This report examines the impact of China’s coal-fired power companies, and their inaction in responding to climate change. The report presents China’s six largest listed power companies and their associated CO2 emissions, as well as recommendations for investors to act on.
Research
3 October 2019

Climate solutions at work: An employee guide to drawdown-aligned business

Project Drawdown
This guide is for employees concerned about climate change and offers a suite of transformative actions that redefine business climate leadership by looking beyond “net zero”. It aims to democratise climate action so that all employees can contribute to climate solutions and helps employees across all sectors find their inroad.
Research
21 September 2021

Net-zero challenge: The supply chain opportunity

World Economic Forum
Eight major value chains contribute to over half of the global carbon emissions, indicating that decarbonisation of the supply-chain will be essential in addressing corporate climate change impact. Abatement solutions are already available and affordable. This report addresses how to decarbonise the value chain based on industry.
Research
1 January 2021

Cutting carbon: What the rush to divest fossil fuels means for emissions reduction and engagement

Australasian Centre for Corporate Responsibility
This report focuses on the decarbonisation of listed equity portfolios in Australia, outlining current investor initiatives and commitments to support decarbonisation and energy transition. The report discusses carbon exposure metrics, company engagement and divestment strategies, and investing in climate solutions.
Research
31 January 2021
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