Library | Sustainable Finance Practices

Impact measurement and verification

Resources for developing metrics and frameworks to measure, monitor, implement and verify the environmental, social, and financial impacts of investments.

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The GHG protocol for project accounting

World Resources Institute
This report outlines standards and procedures for quantifying and reporting greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions from mitigation projects. It provides a framework to estimate baseline emissions, assess additionality, and apply consistent accounting principles. The guide supports transparency, credibility, and harmonisation across project-based GHG initiatives.
Research
6 December 2005

A recommended methodology for estimating and reporting the potential greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel reserves

World Resources Institute
This working paper presents a methodology for fossil fuel companies to estimate and disclose potential greenhouse gas emissions from their reserves. It outlines seven steps for calculating emissions, addressing combustion, leakage, and storage factors, with the aim of improving transparency and enabling comparison across companies and alignment with climate targets.
Research
23 March 2023

GHG protocol agricultural guidance: Interpreting the corporate accounting and reporting standard for the agricultural sector

World Resources Institute
The GHG protocol agricultural guidance provides a framework for agricultural companies to develop greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories aligned with the Corporate Standard. It offers sector-specific methodologies to account for direct and indirect emissions, carbon stock changes, and unique agricultural factors such as land use change and biological processes. The guidance enhances consistency, transparency, and usability of agricultural GHG data for decision-making and reporting.
Research
26 May 2014

Unlocking value from technology in banking: An investor lens

McKinsey & Company
The report outlines how banks can link technology investments to value creation. It presents a framework to improve returns through strategic allocation, outcome-based execution, and transparency. It identifies five tech-enabled themes that align with shareholder value drivers such as revenue growth, fee income, and risk mitigation.
Research
22 October 2024

The greenhouse gas protocol: Land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) guidance for GHG project accounting

World Resources Institute
The land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) guidance for GHG project accounting provides structured methods to quantify and report greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions from reforestation and forest management projects. It supplements the GHG Protocol for Project Accounting, detailing baseline procedures, monitoring, and risk mitigation approaches specific to land-based carbon projects.
Research
1 November 2006

Mitigation goal standard: An accounting and reporting standard for national and subnational greenhouse gas reduction goals

World Resources Institute
This report outlines a standardised framework for governments to design, assess, and report on greenhouse gas mitigation goals. It defines principles, methodologies, and accounting requirements to support consistent and transparent emissions tracking and goal evaluation at national and subnational levels.
Research
24 November 2016

The greenhouse gas protocol: A corporate accounting and reporting standard

World Resources Institute
The Greenhouse Gas Protocol Corporate Standard provides a framework for businesses to quantify and report greenhouse gas emissions. It establishes standardised accounting principles, categorises emissions by scope, and offers guidance for setting organisational and operational boundaries. The Standard promotes transparency, consistency, and comparability in corporate GHG inventories.
Research
13 April 2004

Corporate value chain (scope 3) accounting and reporting standard: Supplement to the GHG protocol corporate accounting and reporting standard

World Resources Institute
The Corporate Value Chain (Scope 3) Accounting and Reporting Standard provides a consistent framework for measuring and reporting indirect greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across a company’s value chain. It outlines 15 categories of Scope 3 emissions, offers guidance on boundary setting, data collection, and reporting, and aims to improve transparency, enable emissions reduction, and support strategic decision-making.
Research
16 April 2013

Counterproductive sustainable investing: The impact elasticity of brown and green firms

Sustainable investing strategies that reallocate capital from brown to green firms may unintentionally worsen environmental outcomes. This study finds that green firms show minimal environmental improvement from lower capital costs, while brown firms become more polluting when financially constrained. Current investment approaches offer weak incentives for impactful emissions reductions.
Research
5 October 2024

Targeting net zero: The need to redesign bank decarbonization targets

Reclaim Finance
This report examines the limitations of current bank decarbonisation targets and proposes design reforms to align with net zero. It analyses scope coverage, target types, and sector alignment, offering practical recommendations for enhancing climate credibility and effectiveness in financial institutions’ transition planning.
Research
18 September 2024

University of Adelaide

Academic Institutions
The University of Adelaide, established in 1874, is Australia's third-oldest university and a member of the prestigious Group of Eight. Ranked among the top 100 globally, it offers a diverse range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Located in Adelaide, South Australia, the university is renowned for its research excellence and vibrant campus life.
Organisation
1 research item

Corporate nature targets: Ensuring the credibility of EU-regulated commitments

World Wide Fund for Nature (World Wildlife Fund – WWF)
This report analyses EU corporate nature-target setting under the Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive and European Sustainability Reporting Standards. It recommends aligning targets with Science Based Targets for Nature (SBTN) to enhance credibility, comparability, and ensure alignment with ecological thresholds, fostering transparency across corporate value chains and EU environmental objectives.
Research
15 October 2024

Find it, fix it, prevent it: Modern slavery report 2024

CCLA
CCLA’s 2024 report outlines investor-led efforts to address modern slavery through corporate engagement, policy advocacy, and improved data. Key sectors include construction and agriculture. Progress was made via benchmarking and collaborative initiatives, though disclosure and remedy remain limited. EU legislation and stakeholder coordination are driving further momentum.
Research
2 October 2024

The state of 'S' reporting in ESG: Locating opportunities for unlocking corporate social impact

Centre for Social Impact
This report analyses how ASX100 and leading private companies disclose social topics in ESG reporting. It identifies gaps in external impact measurement and highlights opportunities to standardise disclosures. Most reporting focuses on internal workforce issues, with less emphasis on value chain impacts and community engagement.
Research
29 May 2025

Putting TNFD to work: Insights from early adopters

ISS
This report analyses how early adopters are implementing the TNFD framework, highlighting integration with climate disclosures, flexible use of the LEAP approach, and application of data tools. Insights show how businesses align nature-related risks with strategy and reporting, with regional uptake led by Asia Pacific and Europe.
Research
13 May 2025

Drova’s ESG stakeholder materiality assessment

Drova’s ESG Stakeholder Materiality Assessment is a digital tool designed to identify and prioritise environmental, social, and governance issues relevant to an organisation and its stakeholders. Aligned with frameworks such as the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI), it facilitates stakeholder engagement and produces a materiality matrix to inform sustainability strategy. The platform streamlines the assessment process, reducing time and cost compared to traditional methods.
Online tool/database
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