The report provides businesses with practical methodologies to quantify air pollutant emissions across their value chains. Air pollution, linked to 7 million premature deaths annually (WHO, 2014), is caused by activities like fuel combustion, waste disposal, and transportation. Businesses play a significant role in reducing these emissions and their associated health and environmental impacts.

Overview of air pollution

Air pollution is a major global health risk, impacting public health, ecosystems, and the economy. The private sector contributes to air pollution through activities such as energy consumption, industrial processes, and transport. In 2019, the global cost of health damages from outdoor air pollution was estimated at US$8.1 trillion, representing 6.1% of global GDP (World Bank, 2022). The report highlights the strong link between air pollution and climate change, with pollutants like black carbon and methane also acting as short-lived climate forcers.

Framework for quantifying the air pollutant emissions of a company

The guide introduces a six-step approach for companies to create an air pollutant emissions inventory:

1. Map the value chain
2. Identify sources of pollution
3. Select the appropriate methodology
4. Collect activity data
5. Identify relevant emission factors
6. Quantify emissions.

These steps align with existing greenhouse gas (GHG) reporting systems, making it easier for companies already tracking GHGs to incorporate air pollutants into their sustainability strategies.

Source sectors and key pollutants covered in the guide

The guide covers six key sources of emissions: electricity generation, stationary fuel combustion, transport, industrial processes, agriculture, and waste. It focuses on pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10), black carbon (BC), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs), and carbon monoxide (CO), all of which have severe health impacts.

Uncertainties

The report acknowledges uncertainties in emission estimates, arising from variations in activity data and emission factors. It recommends businesses use conservative estimates and review data sources to improve accuracy over time.

Recommendations and mitigation actions

The guide emphasises the importance of quantifying emissions as a first step toward mitigating air pollution. It recommends businesses integrate emission inventories into their decision-making processes to identify and prioritise mitigation actions. Examples include improving energy efficiency, adopting cleaner technologies, and reducing waste. Collaboration with suppliers and customers to reduce emissions throughout the value chain is also suggested.