Library | ESG issues

Climate Change

Climate change, driven by human-induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, is increasing global temperatures and extreme weather events. Major GHGs like carbon dioxide and methane primarily come from burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. Key sectors contributing to emissions include energy, industry, transport, buildings, and land use, making mitigation and adaptation essential for environmental and economic stability.

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Framing and language for effective climate conversations

Finance relevance: Broader finance community
Expert guide
11 June 2024
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Carbon Majors

InfluenceMap
Carbon Majors is a public database that quantifies historical and current greenhouse gas emissions attributable to major fossil fuel producers. It provides company-level data, methodologies, and analysis to support climate risk assessment, policy research, and accountability across financial, regulatory, and academic contexts.
Online tool/database

Online Climate Scenario Analysis Narrative Tool

Climate Financial Risk Forum (CFRF)
An interactive climate financial risk tool developed by the UK Centre for Greening Finance and Investment to support scenario analysis. It enables users to explore climate transition and physical risk pathways for financial decision-making, stress testing, and research, with a focus on climate-related financial impacts.
Online tool/database

Positive Tipping Points Toolkit

University of Exeter
The Positive Tipping Points Toolkit is an open-access, modular resource that supports analysis and application of positive tipping points in complex systems. It provides practical frameworks, examples and methods to identify leverage points and accelerate self-reinforcing change across social, environmental and economic contexts.
Online tool/database

Upright Net Impact Model

Upright Project
Upright Platform offers impact-based ESG analytics that quantify companies’ positive and negative effects across environmental, social and economic dimensions. The S&P 500 ESG preset enables benchmarking of index constituents using monetised impact data to support portfolio analysis and comparability.
Online tool/database

Climate Accountability Institute

Issue Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Climate Accountability Institute (CAI) is a nonprofit research organisation advancing climate accountability through analysis of fossil fuel company emissions. It produces the Carbon Majors database, reports and datasets used by researchers, policymakers and litigators to assess corporate responsibility, climate risk, and transition pathways globally for energy systems and emissions transparency.
Organisation
1 research item

European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)

Government Organisations & Departments
European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) is an independent intergovernmental organisation providing global numerical weather prediction and climate data. ECMWF supports forecasting, climate risk analysis, Copernicus services, research, and decision-making through high-resolution models, reanalysis datasets, and open scientific expertise.
Organisation
1 research item

Climate Impact Attribution

Carbon Brief
Carbon Brief’s Attribution Studies Interactive Map is a searchable database mapping published climate-event attribution research. It shows how climate change influenced the likelihood or severity of extreme weather events globally, categorised by country and event type, with visual indicators of study findings on human-caused warming.
Online tool/database

TransitionArc

Climate arc
TransitionArc is a public-facing platform that aggregates leading corporate climate transition data and analysis, enabling comparison of companies’ progress on science-aligned targets and disclosure metrics to support investment, engagement and policy decisions. It streamlines disparate assessments into a coherent view of corporate transition performance
Online tool/database

Sustainability Reporting Navigator

European Accounting Association (EAA)
Sustainability Reporting Navigator (SRNAV) is an online database and benchmarking platform providing access to over 500 mandatory CSRD sustainability reports, interactive comparison tools and research insights to support systematic analysis of corporate sustainability disclosures. It includes a free benchmarking hub for reports and disclosure data under the EU CSRD regime. Accounting Research Centre (ARC) is a research centre operated within the EAA, created to develop and host research tools and databases such as SRNAV.
Online tool/database

LobbyMap

InfluenceMap
LobbyMap is an online database that analyses corporate and trade association lobbying on climate and energy policy. It compares stated public positions with lobbying activities to assess alignment, consistency, and potential risks for investors and financial decision-making.
Online tool/database

Crowther Lab

Academic Institutions
Crowther Lab is a global ecology research group advancing understanding of climate, biodiversity and ecosystem restoration.Based at ETH Zurich, it produces high-impact scientific research, datasets and policy-relevant insights on forests, soils and nature-based solutions, supporting evidence-led environmental decision-making worldwide through collaboration with academic, public and international partners, globally recognised.
Organisation

Climate arc

Finance / Corporate Focused NGOs & Think Tanks
Climate Arc is a non-profit organisation focused on accelerating capital flows to climate solutions. It develops data tools, research, and insights to assess transition performance across companies, sectors, and markets. Climate Arc supports investors, policymakers, and practitioners seeking credible, decision-useful climate intelligence, with a global perspective and independent analytical approach.
Organisation
1 research item

Climate transition and global financial stability

Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ)
This literature review assesses evidence on how delayed, failed or uneven climate transitions affect UK and global financial stability. It finds intensifying physical and transition risks, potential mispricing and spillovers, and significant uncertainty, highlighting EMDE transitions as central to managing systemic financial risk.
Research
12 January 2026

Tackling the insurance protection gap: Leveraging climate mitigation and nature to increase resilience

World Wide Fund for Nature (World Wildlife Fund – WWF)
This white paper analyses how climate change and nature loss are widening insurance protection gaps in advanced economies. It outlines impacts on affordability and coverage, and recommends combining climate mitigation, nature-based solutions, and regulatory reforms to strengthen resilience and maintain insurability.
Research
20 January 2026

En-ROADS Climate Solutions Simulator

Climate Interactive
En-ROADS is an interactive global climate and energy policy simulation tool developed by Climate Interactive. It enables users to test policy scenarios and assess impacts on emissions, energy systems and temperature pathways to 2100, supporting climate risk analysis, strategy development and decision-making.
Online tool/database

Adaptation and resilience impact measurement toolkit : A practical framework for financial institutions

United Nations Environment Programme Finance Initiative (UNEP FI)
Provides a practical framework for financial institutions to measure climate adaptation and resilience impacts. It sets principles, indicators and decision pathways across banks, insurers, DFIs and asset managers, linking outputs, outcomes and impacts to capital allocation, risk management, compliance and reporting.
Research
12 December 2025
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